CRAWFORD et al. v. MARION COUNTY ELECTION BOARD et al.
CRAWFORD et al. v. MARION COUNTY ELECTION BOARD et al.
certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the seventh circuit
No. 07-21. Argued January 9, 2008--Decided April 28, 2008**
After Indiana enacted an election law (SEA 483) requiring citizens voting in person to present government-issued photo identification, petitioners filed separate suits challenging the law's constitutionality. Following discovery, the District Court granted respondents summary judgment, finding the evidence in the record insufficient to support a facial attack on the statute's validity. In affirming, the Seventh Circuit declined to judge the law by the strict standard set for poll taxes in Harper v. Virginia Bd. of Elections, 383 U. S. 663, finding the burden on voters offset by the benefit of reducing the risk of fraud.
Held: The judgment is affirmed.
472 F. 3d 949, affirmed.
HELP SHARON SCARRELLA ANDERSON AKA PETERSON EXPOSE SUBPRIME MORTGAGES
ILLEGAL TAXLIENS BASED ON THEFT, TRESPASS, TREASON, RICO CRIMINAL ACTS BY MINNESOTA
JOHN BRIDGE, et al., PETITIONERS v. PHOENIX
BOND & INDEMNITY CO. et al.
on writ of certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the seventh circuit
Justice Thomas delivered the opinion of the Court.
The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO or Act), 18 U. S. C. §§1961-1968, provides a private right of action for treble damages to "[a]ny person injured in his business or property by reason of a violation" of the Act's criminal prohibitions. §1964(c). The question presented in this case is whether a plaintiff asserting a RICO claim predicated on mail fraud must plead and prove that it relied on the defendant's alleged misrepresentations. Because we agree with the Court of Appeals that a showing of first-party reliance
